Tag: Psychology

Memory Craft: Improve Your Memory with the Most Powerful Methods in History

Peter Banasiak3 Comments

Written by Lynne Kelly. Published by Pegasus Books in 2019. 306 pages. Rating: 3.5/5.

Have you ever been introduced to somebody only to forget their name minutes later?  Have you ever walked into a room and asked: “Why the hell did I come in here?”  It’s odd what our minds chooses to keep or throw out. I’m like the proverbial goldfish, I have a terrible memory.

Memory Craft by [Lynne Kelly]

Early March I was browsing the new book section at the library and came across Memory Craft: Improve your Memory with the Most Powerful Methods in History by Lynne Kelly.  I finished it within a week!  Kelly is a science writer and researcher based in Australia.  Her research focuses on memory methods used by cultures who rely primarily on the oral tradition and mnemonic devices to record vast amounts of information.  Memory Craft was an informative read about how our memories work and the importance of having a keen mind.  Although I found the book to be slow at some points, there are many useful techniques within the book that make it a worthwhile read.

What It’s About?

Kelly starts the book off by explaining the rich history of memory and how it was a pillar of liberal education.  Memory techniques were taught in Roman schools by Cicero. Medieval European thinkers, such as St. Augustine, believed good memories were virtuous.  What happened to the importance of memory?

Memory Craft’s central argument is that we are worse off for neglecting our memories.  Through our phones we have an endless stream of information at our fingertips. But what good is that information if it isn’t in our head? Not much, Kelly would say. Memory allows us to make connections between seemingly unrelated topics more easily. We become more creative when we have actual knowledge within our heads.

Like muscles, our brains grow the more you exercise them.  Kelly provides over thirty memory techniques, ranging in practicality and purpose.  I found the method of loci, or memory palace, to be the best technique described.  It’s a method Cicero taught his students, but it’s not a technique unique to him; Kelly’s research found that people around the world have developed this technique on their own. 

I won’t get into the memory palaces much here, but Kelly defines them as, “A visualization of a trail of physical locations that are easy to remember in order” (Kelly 32).  You then use your imagination to walk through these locations to recall information.  It’s important that every fifth location be marked in some unique way, such as with a doorway or window (Kelly 33). 

I’ve created my own memory palace of my childhood home. I begin the trail in the front hall with markers such as a radiator, mirror, and coat rack. Then I snake through the first and second floors, going room to room until I end in the attic. In theory, I can store up to a hundred items in my memory palace. It’s a small feat when compared to professional memorizers Kelly describes; some memory athletes can recall thousands of items with their memory palaces!

There weren’t many things that I didn’t like with Memory Craft, those I found were matters of taste.  Some of the methods seemed impractical to me, such as the lukasa boards.  These boards act like physical memory palaces that you can create like an arts and craft project.  While I have no doubt they work, I just wonder why I would choose that over a mental memory palace?  Or write down the information instead of decorate a plank of wood?  However, even though I wouldn’t create a lukasa, I appreciate its inclusion in the book.  She does a wonderful job of describing each method and the history behind them.

Conclusion

Overall, Memory Craft was a good book and I recommend this book if you’d like to better your memory.  Kelly gets into the history, psychology, and science behind our memories and does so in a fairly entertaining way. There are plenty of methods to choose from that you could use in your everyday life. If you’re looking to improve something about yourself, why not your memory?

Everything Is F*cked: A Book About Hope

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Written by Mark Manson. Published by HarperCollins in 2019. 232 pages. Rating: 4.5/5.

Have you ever stopped to think about how weird it is to be alive? We are super advanced big-brained apes who Forrest Gumpped our way into taming fire, building cities, and conquered most of the natural world. We have become apex predators; we dominate the planet.

If we take any moment in history and compare it to today, we tend to get a feeling us humans are always getting better. There is a sense of progress when we bring clean water to all or we eradicate diseases through vaccines. Life today seems as good as ever.

I recently read another boom by Mark Manson titled Everything is F*cked: A Book About Hope, a sequel to a book I reviewed last month, The Subtle Art of Not Giving A F*ck. Everything is F*cked approaches the idea of life being as good as ever and takes a contrarian view.

Manson calls bullshit on the idea that life is a box of chocolate. Sure, us living in developed countries have it great. We have plenty of food and live in relative safety.

But here’s the thing, suicide rates are up! Rates of anxiety, depression, and loneliness are through the crystal chandelier. Many people in “the most prosperous country in the world” must work two or three jobs to get by. Trip and break your back? Good luck not going bankrupt from your medical bills.

Manson suggests that we westerners are suffering from a crisis of hope. There are a lot of problems in our world and they don’t seem to be going anywhere. You could cite past statistics and show how hunger and violence are down, but that’s not going to help us in the future (Manson 18). Hope is for the future; we need something to help us.

What’s Everything is F*cked About:

Manson wrote Everything is F*cked: A Book About Hope in an informal style. It is like if you asked a friend what they think of hope. Your friend might go off on a tangent about Starwars: A New Hope or their stoic approach to life.

The back of the book contains comprehensive endnotes I found useful. They clarify the different points Manson makes throughout the book. Some of the endnotes mentioned Frederick Nietzsche and other philosophers. I’m a philosophy nut, so I love hearing about different ideas from philosophers.

The book has two parts, “Hope” and “Everything is Fucked.” Part I is about three things that come together to give us a feeling of hope. We first must have control over our lives and feel like we impact the world in some way. Then we must have clear and reliables we can construct our identity around. Lastly, we need to have a community we can rely on to support us to get through tough times.

However, by the end of Part I, hope is not discarded but put on the backburner. In a Nietzschean tone, we must become something beyond hope. We have to free ourselves from our dependence on hope and act despite whether we have hope or not.

Part II is about how a life without hope would look like. It touches upon subjects brought up in Part I but provides better ways of dealing with problems without depending on hope. Manson also outlines some of the problems modern people face and how we can realign our values, so we don’t get crazy.

The book was fantastic, it’s the best self-help book I’ve read this year so far. I’ve always thought myself to be a hopeful guy, but after reading Everything is F*cked I feel less like relying on hope and more on something definite. It made me want to take more responsibility in my own life. Instead of hoping things will get better, make things better.

The book has many interesting nuggets of wisdom, but here are two ideas that stood out to me:

“Self-Control is an illusion”

The ability to direct your mind towards a goal seems to be straight forward. Don’t have that extra slice of pizza, I’ll go out and only have one beer, I’ll watch one more episode of “Curb Your Enthusiasm.” But as we all know, we tend to slip up from time to time. We’ll eat that pizza or binge-watch our favorite shows for a few hours.

Manson puts forth an idea he calls “the classic assumption.” We assume that if we can control our emotions, we can better use our rational mind to achieve what is logically good for us. It’s an assumption made throughout history.

It’s completely wrong!

Emotions are an integral part of our minds, we can’t shut them off and if we did, it would lead to bad consequences. We’d lack empathy towards others and become apathetic in our own lives.

Manson gives a great analogy in the book dividing the brain in two: a thinking and a feeling brain. The feeling brain is what motivates us and is in control of our bodies. The thinking brain can inform the feeling brain and guide it to better actions.

He goes into greater detail on self-control in his book that is more digestible than his source material, such as David Hume or Nietsche.

“The Blue Dot Effect”

Prevalence induced concept change, or the “blue dot effect,” is a psychological phenomenon Manson introduces in the second part of Everything is F*cked: A Book About Hope. It describes a study done by David Levari, a professor at Harvard, how concepts change over time. His study gives examples such as aggression.

Aggression was once physical, but in recent years expanded to encompass, “making insufficient eye contact or asking people where they are from” (Levari 1). His paper is interesting and can be found here. If you don’t want to read his paper, here is a gist of his experiment:

Levari asked participants to look for blue dots in a collage of dots ranging from varied shades of purple to blue. He had the participants do this repeatedly and as the study went on, Levari decreased the number of blue dots in the collage so that there would be more purple than blue. Participants still recorded a similar number of blue dots to the numbers before he tinkered with the collages. He hypothesizes that as the experiment went on people’s conception of what is blue changed. This happened even after the participants were told about the removal of blue dots.

Manson connects this study to real life. No matter how good things get, we humans will always find something to complain about. We progress forward with new technology and innovations, but by doing so we fix old problems and create new ones.

Conclusion:

Everything is F*cked: A Book About Hope is a great read and I recommend it one hundred percent. If you pay attention to the politics or the news, you probably feel overwhelmed by all the bad news. I know I often feel that way and I hope for the best.

Hope can only do so much though. Manson provides an alternative to relying on hope, using psychology and philosophy to reinforce the points he makes. We do need hope to live, but we can’t rely solely on hope, we must approach problems rationally and take responsibility. We should lean into problems rather than constantly jump out of the way.

Have you read either The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck or Everything is F*cked: A Book About Hope? If you did, what did you think of the book? I’d like to hear your thoughts!

Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know About the People We Don’t

Peter Banasiak2 Comments

Written by Malcolm Gladwell. Published by Little, Brown and Company in 2019. 346 pages. Rating: 5/5.

July 10, 2015 Sandra Bland was stopped for a minor traffic violation by State Trooper Brian Encinia in Waller County, Texas leading to her arrest. Three days later she would be found dead in her cell, hanging from a makeshift noose. How does a routine traffic stop escalate into an arrest and subsequent loss of a life? In his book Talking to Strangers Malcolm Gladwell attempts an answer to that question, but also expands upon how little we know about the people we don’t. In a methodical approach to the problems of strangers, Gladwell examines different topics ranging from spies and Cold War intrigue to crimes and suicides. In the end, through the evidence he provides, he produces a compelling argument why Sandra Bland’s arrest went so poorly.

Before reading the book and this review, I suggest watching the video of Bland’s arrest here, just to get a good sense of how bad it went and give context to Gladwell’s book.

Gladwell begins and ends his book by examining the case of Sandra Bland but divides most of the book between five parts: “Spies and Diplomats: Two Puzzles,” “Default to Truth,” “Transparency,” “Lessons,” and “Coupling.” Each of these parts build upon different misconceptions we tend to be seemingly unaware of. For example, in “Spies and Diplomats: Two Puzzles,” Gladwell describes two things that we all tend to do. The first puzzle asks why we cannot tell when the person across from us is lying to our face. The second puzzle asks why is it that when we meet a stranger, we do worse at making sense of them. To answer these questions, he uses the example of Neville Chamberlain’s meeting with Adolf Hitler prior to World War II, New York City Judges deciding bail for dangerous criminals, and Cuban/German spies and double agents. By examining these cases, Gladwell finds some valuable insights that he builds upon throughout the book, mainly that we suffer from an illusion of asymmetric insight; we tend to believe that we know more about others than they know about us. It’s through this illusion that we trust those we should doubt and doubt those we should trust.

Talking to Strangers goes beyond this illusion though, there are a ton of different psychological phenomena that obfuscate the truth form us. We tend to “default to truth” when talking to others. We tend to place a ton of weight on the demeanor of others in determining whether we can truth a person. Gladwell gets into the darker side of humanity by looking at recent news events to give insight into our psychology. The Stanford Rape Case involving Brock Turner or the Penn State cover up of Jerry Sandusky are two events that sparked nationwide outrage and Gladwell gives succinct summaries of each and what we can learn from them.

When it comes down to it, Talking to Strangers really is about human behavior, and Gladwell is no stranger to this topic. He’s written a few other books about human behavior including: Outliers, Blink, and The Tipping Point. These books have been well received nationally and for good reason! Gladwell writes really well about topics that would otherwise be dull. His research spans years is very thorough, the notes in the back of the book show that he uses a plethora of good, valid sources to give weight to the claims he makes.

I wholeheartedly recommend Talking to Strangers by Malcolm Gladwell. It’s an interesting read and is entertaining despite some of the darker subject matter. I think Talking to Strangers does help you know more about the people you don’t, but it’s not a definitive guidebook. Gladwell just dispels many myths and misconceptions about truth, falsehood, and deception to better prepare the reader to make better decisions.

But hey, I’m just a stranger on the internet. Would you trust me?

The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach To Living A Good Life

Peter Banasiak1 Comment

Written by Mark Manson. Published by HarperOne in 2016. 212 pages. Rating: 4/5.

Image result for The Subtle Art of not giving a fuck

Our world is full of distractions. Our phones constantly push us notifications. We receive thousands of junk emails claiming we need to look at these “amazing” deals. Television bombard us with a nauseating amount of information that has has little to no bearing on our day to day lives. Even a lot of what we call “news” isn’t even news, it’s entertainment made to look important. All these distractions demand we pay attention and give a damn about what they say. In his wildly popular book, The Subtle Art of Not Giving a Fuck, renown blogger and author Mark Manson writes about how we can live a better life by being more selective about what we give our attention over to.

The Subtle Art of Not Giving a Fuck is a self-help book but is written in such a way that makes it feel out of place in that genre. It shares the common theme of self-help books by asserting that you need to do X, Y, Z in order to feel better, obtain mental clarity, be your best self etc… Within the first chapter the book Manson gives a concise goal for his book, stating: “This book will help you think a little bit more clearly about what you’re choosing to find important in life and what you’re choosing to find unimportant” (20). His thesis statement stuck out to me because what Manson is asking us to realign our values in order to live a better life.

These values that we ought to find important are as the title suggests, counterintuitive. Happiness seems like a value we should strive for, but Manson finds that not to be the case. Referring to it as “the hedonic treadmill,” he says that more we aim for happiness, the less happiness we’ll experience. Instead, we should aim for meaningful suffering, which is to say we should aim for something that will bring us fulfillment but in the process it might not be pleasant. For example, we might need to go on a diet to lose weight and achieve our ideal body. Cutting calories from our diet can be painful because we might really want to go to the all you can eat sushi bar with our friends, but if we do that constantly we won’t achieve our goal. We need to suffer to grow (or shrink!).

Happiness and suffering are just two topics in the book. There are a ton of insightful chapters about how we view ourselves, humility is something we ought to practice, and don’t be afraid of failure. “The path to happiness is full of shitheaps and shame” (38). Risk being bold. Don’t care about what other people think. If we give too many f*cks about what others think, we won’t do anything at all.

The Subtle art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life is a great book and I recommend it others who are into self-help books and want a different approach to the genre. The subject matter is applicable to most people, especially those heading into college or finding a career. Don’t place too much value on the things that don’t matter, common sense right? This book will help you find find good values that will help steer you towards a better life.